Development of Technology to Produce Synthetic Gas from Atmospheric Concentration CO2 Using a Transition-metal-free Catalyst

• Development of a transition-metal-free dual-function material for CO₂ capture and reduction to carbon monoxide
• Efficient capture of even low-concentration atmospheric CO₂ and syngas production without CO₂ separation and purification processes
• The product gas has an extremely low concentration of impurities, making this a big step towards control of syngas compositions suitable to produce liquid fuels and chemicals

Japan has declared “carbon neutrality by 2050” as a government target to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions to zero by 2050. In order to substantially reduce CO₂ emissions, it is important not only to control CO₂ emissions through existing processes, but also to develop innovative processes to utilize CO₂ as a resource for production of fuels and chemicals. The core of these efforts is technology to produce syngas, a carbon monoxide and hydrogen gas mixture, from CO₂.

Syngas is produced by using a reverse water gas shift reaction (CO₂+H₂→CO+H₂O) that reduces CO₂ to carbon monoxide by reaction with hydrogen. A highly active transition metal such as platinum, rhodium, nickel, or copper has been considered necessary as a catalyst component to facilitate this reaction. Prior to the reaction operation, the energy- and cost- intensive processes were necessary to separate and recover CO₂ by a chemical absorption technique and subsequently purify it close to 100%. An innovative technology, which can directly produce syngas from low-concentration CO₂ without these processes, needs to be developed. Recently, dual-function materials have been attracting attention to enable integrated CO₂ capture and conversion

Summary

In collaboration with Delft University of Technology, researchers in AIST developed a technology for directly producing syngas that is a highly versatile raw material for fuels and chemicals. This technology can utilize CO₂ in exhaust gases from power plants and industrial sectors (~20%) as well as the low-concentration atmospheric CO₂ (400 ppm; 0.04 %) to produce syngas.

This technology can directly produce syngas, a carbon monoxide and hydrogen gas mixture, by using the dual-function materials to react low-concentration CO₂ with hydrogen derived from renewable energy, without separation and purification processes. While the conventional reaction to reduce CO₂ to carbon monoxide required a catalyst using a transition metal, this technology employs the transition-metal-free dual-function material which has a simple composition with an alkali or alkaline earth metals such as sodium. In contrast to the conventional method, this technology hardly produces unreacted CO₂. Moreover, a crucial factor in the syngas production namely the H₂/CO ratio is anticipated to be controllable by varying operating conditions such as the hydrogen flow rate.

Reference 

Tomone Sasayama et al, Integrated CO2 capture and selective conversion to syngas using transition-metal-free Na/Al2O3 dual-function material, Journal of CO₂ Utilization (2022).  DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102049

Source:

AIST, press release, 2023-03-13.